今年(nian)入夏以來，我國南方多地(di)遭遇(yu)暴雨(yu)，一些城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)出現內(nei)澇(lao)，上演著“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)看海”的(de)景象(xiang)。近幾年(nian)，逢雨(yu)必澇(lao)成(cheng)為一些城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)通(tong)病(bing)。如何(he)預防和應對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)澇(lao)問題(ti)？筆者認(ren)為，應推進(jin)海綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建設(she)，提升城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)防洪排(pai)澇(lao)能力。

　　先，海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)回(hui)歸問題導向(xiang)。目前，在(zai)海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計建(jian)設(she)過程中，在(zai)地(di)塊(kuai)尺度上廣泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)是年(nian)徑(jing)流總量(liang)控制(zhi)率(lv)(lv)，其強調解決的(de)(de)(de)是地(di)塊(kuai)層(ceng)面遇(yu)到大(da)概(gai)(gai)率(lv)(lv)降(jiang)水(shui)時沒有內澇，但卻不能(neng)說明如何應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)降(jiang)水(shui)這類小概(gai)(gai)率(lv)(lv)事(shi)件(jian)。因此，筆者建(jian)議(yi)海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)結合城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。具體來說，要(yao)從區(qu)域(yu)大(da)尺度層(ceng)面系(xi)統(tong)(tong)探討和梳理城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)表水(shui)、下墊面的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息，從整體上梳理大(da)概(gai)(gai)率(lv)(lv)事(shi)件(jian)和小概(gai)(gai)率(lv)(lv)事(shi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)管理目標和應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)措(cuo)施，在(zai)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)水(shui)土資源保護和利用的(de)(de)(de)同時，實(shi)現(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)氣候(hou)事(shi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)綜合能(neng)力，使城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)夠靈(ling)活應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)和未(wei)來氣候(hou)帶(dai)來的(de)(de)(de)災害(hai)和風險。

　　其次，以(yi)河道(dao)(dao)污染治(zhi)(zhi)理協同海(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)。海(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)河道(dao)(dao)治(zhi)(zhi)理帶(dai)來了新(xin)機遇，可以(yi)以(yi)解決(jue)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)內澇、雨水(shui)(shui)收集(ji)利(li)用、黑臭水(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)治(zhi)(zhi)理為(wei)突破口，推進(jin)區域(yu)整體(ti)(ti)治(zhi)(zhi)理，逐步實現小(xiao)雨不(bu)積(ji)水(shui)(shui)、大雨不(bu)內澇、水(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)不(bu)黑臭、熱島(dao)有(you)緩解。應推動城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)河道(dao)(dao)污染治(zhi)(zhi)理與海(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)協同進(jin)行，采取“滲(shen)、滯(zhi)、蓄、凈(jing)、用、排”等措(cuo)(cuo)施，讓城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)河道(dao)(dao)恢(hui)復(fu)綠色生態。可將(jiang)河長制(zhi)和“智慧水(shui)(shui)務”建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)相(xiang)結合，采用截污納管、引水(shui)(shui)釋(shi)污、人工增(zeng)氧、恢(hui)復(fu)自然河道(dao)(dao)、水(shui)(shui)下(xia)生態等措(cuo)(cuo)施，助推河道(dao)(dao)污染治(zhi)(zhi)理和海(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)。

　　第三，以PPP模式(shi)(shi)助(zhu)推海(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建設(she)。我國(guo)大部分城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)是快(kuai)排模式(shi)(shi)，達不(bu)到海(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的標準，因此，建設(she)海(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)需對現有(you)的地下管網進(jin)行改(gai)造。海(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建設(she)涉及(ji)瀝青滲(shen)水(shui)、公路地面滲(shen)水(shui)等功能，要使(shi)用(yong)特別(bie)的水(shui)泥(ni)、磚面和滲(shen)水(shui)瀝青，這就需要資(zi)金支持。海(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建設(she)可借(jie)力PPP模式(shi)(shi)，采用(yong)投資(zi)聯合體的方式(shi)(shi)，解決項目的資(zi)金問(wen)題(ti)，減輕政府(fu)的財政壓力。政府(fu)要有(you)效整合財政專(zhuan)項資(zi)金、結余資(zi)金以及(ji)一般預算資(zi)金，探索通過市(shi)(shi)(shi)場化(hua)手(shou)段，引入實(shi)力較強的基金團隊，共同設(she)立海(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建設(she)發展(zhan)基金，帶動整個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)“海(hai)綿(mian)經(jing)濟”產(chan)業鏈(lian)的發展(zhan)。

　　第四，技術支撐(cheng)與(yu)法(fa)規保障并舉。在(zai)(zai)技術層面，應(ying)建(jian)設(she)(she)屋面雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)集(ji)蓄系(xi)統，收集(ji)的(de)雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)經簡單(dan)處理后可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)家庭、公(gong)共場所和企業(ye)的(de)非飲用(yong)(yong)水(shui)，如街區(qu)公(gong)寓的(de)廁所沖洗和綠化灑水(shui)。應(ying)建(jian)設(she)(she)雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)截污(wu)與(yu)滲(shen)透(tou)系(xi)統，道(dao)路雨(yu)(yu)洪通(tong)過下水(shui)道(dao)排入(ru)大型(xing)蓄水(shui)池或通(tong)過滲(shen)透(tou)補(bu)充地下水(shui)，可(ke)借(jie)鑒德國經驗(yan)，在(zai)(zai)城市街道(dao)雨(yu)(yu)洪管道(dao)口(kou)設(she)(she)截污(wu)掛(gua)籃，以攔截雨(yu)(yu)洪徑(jing)流(liu)(liu)攜(xie)帶的(de)污(wu)染物。城市地面使用(yong)(yong)可(ke)滲(shen)透(tou)地磚(zhuan)，減小(xiao)(xiao)徑(jing)流(liu)(liu)。應(ying)建(jian)設(she)(she)生態(tai)小(xiao)(xiao)區(qu)雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)利用(yong)(yong)系(xi)統，小(xiao)(xiao)區(qu)沿排水(shui)道(dao)修建(jian)可(ke)滲(shen)透(tou)淺溝，表(biao)面植有草皮(pi)，供雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)徑(jing)流(liu)(liu)時下滲(shen)，超過滲(shen)透(tou)能力的(de)雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)則(ze)進入(ru)雨(yu)(yu)洪池或人(ren)工濕地。

　　在政策法規層(ceng)面(mian)，應(ying)加快(kuai)制定(ding)相關法律(lv)法規，對水(shui)資源的(de)可(ke)持(chi)續利用(yong)(yong)提出明(ming)確要(yao)求。比如，規定(ding)通過雨(yu)水(shui)收集系統(tong)(tong)盡(jin)可(ke)能減(jian)少(shao)公共(gong)地(di)區建筑物底層(ceng)發(fa)生洪水(shui)的(de)危險(xian)性(xing)，進一步家(jia)庭(ting)雨(yu)水(shui)回收系統(tong)(tong)的(de)普及；規定(ding)為(wei)保(bao)證水(shui)資源利用(yong)(yong)效率，要(yao)避(bi)免(mian)排水(shui)量增加，實現“排水(shui)量零增長(chang)”；對水(shui)資源實施(shi)統(tong)(tong)一的(de)管理制度，并以(yi)市場模式運作，接受社(she)會監督。